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- Osteoporosis drug linked to cancer
- Nursing assessment nursing care Plans for Delusional Disorders
- PREVENTING ERRORS IN MAKING NURSING DIAGNOSIS
- The Nursing diagnosis of nutrition
- PERIPHERAL I.V. THERAPY PREPARATION
- careful abdominal pain in children
- Abscess definition, description and diagnostic abscess
- Therapeutic Communication
- Intra-venous injection of way, intra-venous drip
- INSTALLATION PROCEDURES intubation
| Osteoporosis drug linked to cancer Posted: 06 Sep 2010 01:33 AM PDT An osteoporosis drug previously thought to be safe has been linked to doubling the risk of developing cancer of the oesophagus, according to Oxford scientists. Although earlier studies of the medication showed no correlation with the disease, and actually appeared to protect postmenopausal women against breast cancer, a new study has shown otherwise. Analysing data from about six million people on a UK GP database, experts found 2,954 people aged 40 and older had oesophageal cancer, 2,018 had gastric cancer and 10,641 had bowel cancer, all diagnosed between 1995 and 2005. Scientists from the University of Oxford’s cancer epidemiology unit and the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) studied the use of oral bisphosphonates and cancers of the oesophagus, stomach and bowel, factoring in smoking, alcohol and body mass indices. They found people with previous prescriptions for oral bisphosphonates were 30% more likely to develop oesophageal cancer than those who had never taken the drugs. Patients who had more than 10 prescriptions for the osteoporosis treatment had almost double the risk, and people who took the medication for five years on average had more than twice the chance. The study, published in the British Medical Journal (BMJ), showed no link between oral bisphosphonates and bowel or stomach cancer. Copyright © Press Association 2010
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| Nursing assessment nursing care Plans for Delusional Disorders Posted: 03 Sep 2010 09:11 AM PDT Assess for positive symptoms of schizophrenia. These symptoms reflect aberrant mental activity and are usually present early in the first phase of the schizophrenic illness. Alterations in Thinking * Delusion: false, fixed belief that is not amenable to change by reasoning. The most frequent elicited delusions include: Alterations in Behavioral Responses Common nursing diagnosis found in Nursing Care Plans for Delusional Disorder * Disturbed Thought Processes related to perceptual and cognitive distortions, as demonstrated by suspiciousness, defensive behavior, and disruptions in thought
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| PREVENTING ERRORS IN MAKING NURSING DIAGNOSIS Posted: 03 Sep 2010 09:11 AM PDT PREVENTING ERRORS IN MAKING NURSING DIAGNOSIS
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| The Nursing diagnosis of nutrition Posted: 03 Sep 2010 09:11 AM PDT The Nursing diagnosis of nutrition
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| PERIPHERAL I.V. THERAPY PREPARATION Posted: 03 Sep 2010 09:11 AM PDT PERIPHERAL I.V. THERAPY PREPARATION Selection and preparation of appropriate equipment are essential for accurate delivery of an I.V. solution. Selection of an I.V. administration set depends on the rate and type of infusion desired and the type of I.V. solution container used. Two types of drip sets are available: the macrodrip and the microdrip. The macrodrip set can deliver a solution in large quantities at rapid rates because it delivers a larger amount with each drop than the microdrip set. The microdrip set, used for pediatric patients and certain adult patients who require small or closely regulated amounts of I.V. solution, delivers a smaller quantity with each drop. Administration tubing with a secondary injection port permits separate or simultaneous infusion of two solutions; tubing with a piggyback port and a backcheck valve permits intermittent infusion of a secondary solution and, on its completion, a return to infusion of the primary solution. Vented I.V. tubing is selected for solutions in nonvented bottles; nonvented tubing is selected for solutions in bags or vented bottles. Assembly of I.V. equipment requires sterile technique to prevent contamination, which can cause local or systemic infection. Equipment I.V. solution • alcohol pad • I.V. administration set • in-line filter, if needed • I.V. pole • medication and label, if necessary. Preparation of equipment Verify the type, volume, and expiration date of the I.V. solution. Discard outdated solution. If the solution is contained in a glass bottle, inspect the bottle for chips and cracks; if it’s in a plastic bag, squeeze the bag to detect leaks. Examine the I.V. solution for particles, abnormal discoloration, and cloudiness. If present, discard the solution and notify the pharmacy or dispensing department. If ordered, add medication to the solution, and place a completed medication-added label on the container. Remove the administration set from its box, and check for cracks, holes, and missing clamps. Implementation
Preparing a bag
Preparing a nonvented bottle
Preparing a vented bottle
Priming the I.V. tubing
Special considerations
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| careful abdominal pain in children Posted: 03 Sep 2010 09:11 AM PDT Abdominal pain is one of the most common complaints found in children. Abdominal pain that lasted more acute disorders often associated with organic matter, whereas abdominal pain that lasted more chronic or recurrent is a non-organic disorders. Although not rare in such circumstances to the contrary; recurrent abdominal pain as a clinical manifestation of an organic disorder, and acute abdominal pain is an early episode of the series of recurrent abdominal pain is a disorder that fungsional. Approach to diagnosis of abdominal pain in children is still a problem because the diagnostic criteria used have not uniform, especially for abdominal pain of non-organic. Criteria for diagnosis of abdominal pain that is widely used today is the criteria Appley and Rome II criteria. Diagnostic criteria are needed to provide proper governance. Classification Some clinical symptoms included in the alarm symptoms group and used as a guide organic abdominal pain. A group of experts in Europe and the United States consider these criteria are too general, so that proposed a diagnostic criteria for gastrointestinal disorders of non-organic (functional), the Rome Criteria. At the Rome criteria, functional gastrointestinal disorders in the form of abdominal pain are grouped into 5 categories, namely Aetiology
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| Abscess definition, description and diagnostic abscess Posted: 03 Sep 2010 09:11 AM PDT we often hear, using the word abscess abscess but what is, what happens abscess? let’s discuss more about this abscess Definition An abscess is an enclosed collection of liquefied tissue, known as pus, somewhere in the body. It is the result of the body’s defensive reaction to foreign material. There are two types of abscesses, septic and sterile. Most abscesses are septic, which means that they are the result of an infection. Septic abscesses can occur anywhere in the body. Only bacteria and the body’s immune response are required. In response to the invading bacteria, white blood cells gather at the infected site and begin producing chemicals called enzymes that attack the bacteria by first marking and then digesting it. These enzymes kill the bacteria and break them down into small pieces that can travel in the circulatory system prior to being eliminated from the body. Unfortunately, these chemicals also digest body tissues. In most cases, bacteria produce similar chemicals. The result is a thick, yellow liquidâ€"pusâ€"containing dead bacteria, digested tissue, white blood cells, and enzymes. An abscess is the last stage of a tissue infection that begins with a process called inflammation. Initially, as invading bacteria activate the body’s immune system, several events occur: These four signsâ€"heat, swelling, redness, and painâ€"characterize inflammation. As the process progresses, the tissue begins to turn to liquid, and an abscess forms. It is the nature of an abscess to spread as the chemical digestion liquefies more and more tissue. Furthermore, the spreading follows the path of least resistance, commonly, the tissue that is most easily digested. A good example is an abscess just beneath the skin. It most easily continues along immediately beneath the surface rather than traveling up through the outermost layer or down through deeper structures where it could drain its toxic contents. The contents of an abscess can also leak into the general circulation and produce symptoms just like any other infection. These include chills, fever, aching, and general discomfort. Sterile abscesses are sometimes a milder form of the same process caused not by bacteria but by non-living irritants such as drugs. If an injected drug such as penicillin is not absorbed, it stays where it is injected and may cause enough irritation to generate a sterile abscess. Such an abscess is sterile because there is no infection involved. Sterile abscesses are quite likely to turn into hard, solid lumps as they scar, rather than remaining pockets of pus. Many different agents cause abscesses. The most common are the pus-forming (pyogenic) bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, which is a very common cause of abscesses under the skin. Abscesses near the large bowel, particularly around the anus, may be caused by any of the numerous bacteria found within the large bowel. Brain abscesses and liver abscesses can be caused by any organism that can travel there through the blood stream. Bacteria, amoebae, and certain fungi can travel in this fashion. Abscesses in other parts of the body are caused by organisms that normally inhabit nearby structures or that infect them. Some common causes of specific abscesses are: * skin abscesses by normal skin flora Specific types of abscesses Listed below are some of the more common and important abscesses. * Carbuncles and other boils. Skin oil glands (sebaceous glands) on the back or the back of the neck are the ones usually infected. The most commonly involved bacteria is Staphylococcus aureus. Acne is a similar condition involving sebaceous glands on the face and back. Diagnosis The common findings of inflammationâ€"heat, redness, swelling, and painâ€"easily identify superficial abscesses. Abscesses in other places may produce only generalized symptoms such as fever and discomfort. If an individual’s symptoms and the results of a physical examination do not help, a physician may have to resort to a battery of tests to locate the site of an abscess. Usually something in the initial evaluation directs the search. Recent or chronic disease in an organ suggests it may be the site of an abscess. Dysfunction of an organ or system, for instance seizures or altered bowel function, may provide the clue. Pain and tenderness on physical examination are common findings. Sometimes a deep abscess will eat a small channel (sinus) to the surface and begin leaking pus. A sterile abscess may cause only a painful lump deep in the buttock where a shot was given. Since skin is very resistant to the spread of infection, it acts as a barrier, often keeping the toxic chemicals of an abscess from escaping the body on their own. Thus, the pus must be drained from the abscess by a physician. The surgeon determines when the abscess is ready for drainage and opens a path to the outside, allowing the pus to escape. Ordinarily, the body handles the remaining infection, sometimes with the help of antibiotics or other drugs. The surgeon may leave a drain (a piece of cloth or rubber) in the abscess cavity to prevent it from closing before all the pus has drained out. If an abscess is directly beneath the skin, it will be slowly working its way through the skin as it is more rapidly working its way elsewhere. Since chemicals work faster at higher temperatures, applications of hot compresses to the skin over the abscess will hasten the digestion of the skin and eventually result in its break down and spontaneous release of pus. This treatment is best reserved for smaller abscesses in less sensitive areas of the body such as limbs, trunk, and back of the neck. It is also useful for all superficial abscesses in their very early stages. It will “ripen” them. Contrast hydrotherapy, alternating hot and cold compresses, can also help assist the body in resorption of the abscess. There are two homeopathic remedies that work to rebalance the body in relation to abscess formation, Silica and Hepar sulphuris. In cases of septic abscesses, bentonite clay packs (bentonite clay and a small amount of Hydrastis powder) can be used to draw an infection from the area. Once an abscess is properly drained, the prognosis is excellent for the condition itself. The reason for the abscess (other diseases an individual has) will determine the overall outcome. If, on the other hand, an abscess ruptures into neighboring areas or permits the infectious agent to spill into the bloodstream, serious or fatal consequences are likely. Abscesses in and around the nasal sinuses, face, ears, and scalp may work their way into the brain. Abscesses within an abdominal organ such as the liver may rupture into the abdominal cavity. In either case, the result is life threatening. Blood poisoning is a term commonly used to describe an infection that has spilled into the blood stream and spread throughout the body from a localized origin. Blood poisoning, known to physicians as septicemia, is also life threatening. Of special note, abscesses in the hand are more serious than they might appear. Due to the intricate structure and the overriding importance of the hand, any hand infection must be treated promptly and competently. First aid providers may unknowingly initiate an abscess by using inappropriate or incorrect techniques. A physician, surgeon, physician’s assistant, or nurse practitioner usually diagnoses the presence of an abscess. Radiologists and laboratory personnel may assist in the process of establishing a diagnosis. A physician, surgeon, physician’s assistant, or nurse practitioner usually drains an abscess. Nurses provide supportive care, dress the wound, and educate patients about caring for the resulting wound. Occasionally, a physical therapist may be needed to recover lost function. Infections that are treated early with heat (if superficial) or antibiotics will often resolve without the formation of an abscess. It is even better to avoid infections altogether by taking prompt care of open injuries, particularly puncture wounds. Bites are the most dangerous of all, even more so because they often occur on the hand.
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| Posted: 01 Sep 2010 06:13 AM PDT Therapeutic communication is consciously planned communication, aims and activities focused on healing the patient (Purwanto, 1994). Therapeutic communication techniques is a way to build a therapeutic relationship where there is delivery of information and exchange of feelings and thoughts with the intent to influence others (Stuart & sundeen, 1995).
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| Intra-venous injection of way, intra-venous drip Posted: 01 Sep 2010 06:04 AM PDT Intra-venous injection and intra-venous drip Purpose: To act injecting drugs to patients safely, comfortably and correctly. 1. Injection by a doctor instructions, full written and 7. Direct intravenous injections, 8.Injections of intravenous infusion through the hose. 9. An intravenous drip injections.
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| INSTALLATION PROCEDURES intubation Posted: 01 Sep 2010 05:54 AM PDT INSTALLATION PROCEDURES intubation B. Goal C. Preparation tool D. Step – step
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