Posted: 29 Dec 2010 09:39 PM PST

This how to video demonstrates how to administer an intramuscular injection. Watch and learn how simple it is do an intramuscular injection in the deltoid, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, dorsal or ventral gluteal. Make sure to properly measure your medication, identify the patient, and always wash the hands before injecting the patient. Note that this instructional video is intended for medical students and professionals.

Learn How to administer an intramuscular injection. For more Pharmaceuticals & Drugs How-To Videos & Articles, visit WonderHowTo.

Posted: 29 Dec 2010 09:25 PM PST

Sinus bradycardia is a heart rhythm that originates from the sinus node and has a rate of under 60 beats per minute. Etiology This rhythm may be caused by one of the following: Increased vagal tone. Sleep Hypothermia Hypothyroidism Intrinsic disease of the SA node (Eg. Sick Sinus Syndrome). An effect of drugs, such as the use of digitalis, beta-blockers

the videos sinus bradycardia

AIDS in children

Posted: 29 Dec 2010 08:39 PM PST

Since AIDS can be transmitted from an infected mother to the child during pregnancy, during the birth process, or through breast milk, all infants born to HIV-positive mothers are a high-risk group. As of 2000, it was estimated that 87% of HIV-positive women are of childbearing age; 41% of them are drug abusers. Between 15-30% of children born to HIV-positive women will be infected with the virus.

AIDS is one of the 10 leading causes of death in children between one and four years of age. The interval between exposure to HIV and the development of AIDS is shorter in children than in adults. Infants infected with HIV have a 20-30% chance of developing AIDS within a year and dying before age three. In the remainder, AIDS progresses more slowly; the average child patient survives to seven years of age. Some survive into early adolescence.
Causes and symptoms

Because HIV destroys immune system cells, AIDS is a disease that can affect any of the body’s major organ systems. HIV attacks the body through three disease processes: immunodeficiency, autoimmunity, and nervous system dysfunction.

Immunodeficiency describes the condition in which the body’s immune response is damaged, weakened, or is not functioning properly. In AIDS, immunodeficiency results from the way that the virus binds to a protein called CD4, which is primarily found on the surface of certain subtypes of white blood cells called helper T cells or CD4 cells. After the virus has attached to the CD4 receptor, the virus-CD4 complex refolds to uncover another receptor called a chemokine receptor that helps to mediate entry of the virus into the cell. One chemokine receptor in particular, CCR5, has gotten recent attention after studies showed that defects in its structure (caused by genetic mutations) cause the progression of AIDS to be prevented or slowed. Scientists hope that this discovery will lead to the development of drugs that trigger an artificial mutation of the CCR5 gene or target the CCR5 receptor.

Once HIV has entered the cell, it can replicate intracellularly and kill the cell in ways that are still not completely understood. In addition to killing some lymphocytes directly, the AIDS virus disrupts the functioning of the remaining CD4 cells. Because the immune system cells are destroyed, many different types of infections and cancers that take advantage of a person’s weakened immune system (opportunistic) can develop.

Autoimmunity is a condition in which the body’s immune system produces antibodies that work against its own cells. Antibodies are specific proteins produced in response to exposure to a specific, usually foreign, protein or particle called an antigen. In this case, the body produces antibodies that bind to blood platelets that are necessary for proper blood clotting and tissue repair. Once bound, the antibodies mark the platelets for removal from the body, and they are filtered out by the spleen. Some AIDS patients develop a disorder, called immune-related thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP), in which the number of blood platelets drops to abnormally low levels.

As of 2000, researchers do not know precisely how HIV attacks the nervous system since the virus can cause damage without infecting nerve cells directly. One theory is that, once infected with HIV, one type of immune system cell, called a macrophage, begins to release a toxin that harms the nervous system.

The course of AIDS generally progresses through three stages, although not all patients will follow this progression precisely:

Read more: http://www.healthline.com/galecontent/aids-1/3#ixzz19X2vBfcX
Healthline.com – Connect to Better Health

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Kamis, 30 Desember 2010

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